TNF and Parkinson disease: Significantly elevated levels of TNF mRNA and protein can be detected in the rodent midbrain substantia nigra within hours of in vivo administration of two neurotoxins widely used to model parkinsonism in rodents, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) [8] and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) [85-87].