ATE1 and male infertility: In contrast, Ate1-deficient testis contained the 85-kDa fragment of PARP but virtually no full-length PARP, indicating extensive apoptosis in the absence of Ate1 (Fig. 6K, lane 2; cf. lane 1), in agreement with cytological and Ate1−/− male-infertility data (Fig. 6F–I).