Using a focused human cytokine array we found that the levels of several mediators, including growth-regulated IL-6, oncogene alpha (GROα), IL-1β, MIP-1δ, RANTES, stem cell factor (SCF), TGF-β1, TNF-α, angiogenin II, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor beta homodimer (PDGF-BB), were increased by more than 2-folds in keloid tissues as compared to matched normal skin tissues (Figure 3A; Table S3). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and keloid.