More recently, an antiproliferative action of estrogen was suggested to occur via activation of the epithelial ERβ.[13–15] The aromatase knock-out (ArKO) mouse is estrogen deficient and develops prostatic hyperplasia and hypertrophy,[16] both of which are suppressed and/or ablated in intact animals following the administration of an ERβ-specific (but not ERa) agonist.[17]. Here, ESR1 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.