Genes consistently upregulated in BPH when compared to normal prostate tissues included: a restricted set of growth factors and their binding proteins (e.g., IGF-1 and -2, TGF-beta3, BMP5, latent TGF-beta binding protein 1 and -2); hydrolases, proteases, and protease inhibitors (e.g., neuropathy target esterase, MMP2, alpha-2-macroglobulin); stress response enzymes (e.g., COX2, GSTM5); and extracellular matrix molecules (e.g., laminin alpha 4 and beta 1, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 2, lumican). This evidence concerns the gene LUM and benign prostatic hyperplasia.