Recent analysis of 12 genes involved in the fibroblast growth factor signalling pathway in nonsyndromic cleft lip or palate families revealed seven mutations in which structural analysis predicted functional impairment in the FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGF8 genes and causing 3 to 5% of nonsyndromic cleft lip or palate.[70] Cleft lip/palate ectodermal dysplasia syndrome (CLPED) is characterised by cleft lip with or without cleft palate, hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, syndactyly, and occasionally mental retardation. The gene discussed is FGFR1; the disease is cleft lip.