INS and diabetes mellitus: The concentration of plasma lipopolysaccharides, the proinflammatory factor, is inversely correlated with the population of Bifidobacterium spp. It has also been reported that in high-fat diet-induced diabetes, the concentration of Bifidobacterium spp. in the gut was positively correlated with improved glucose tolerance and glucose-induced insulin-secretion as well as decreased diabetes endotoxemia, plasma and adipose tissue inflammatory cytokines [33].