Recent studies indicate that norepinephrine can induce lipolysis in WAT in beta-less mice [83], suggesting a beta-adrenoreceptor independent pathway, and moreover, in the absence of norepinephrine or epinephrine, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) knockout mice are not predisposed to obesity, as are beta-less mice, and maintain glucose tolerance [84]. Here, DBH is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.