AKT1 and neoplasm: The signalling pathways associated with PGRN in neurons are unknown, but in non-neuronal cell types it activates growth factor-related signal transduction pathways including the phosphorylation of shc, p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B/AKT, and the p70S6 kinase [26-28], and, by so doing, contributes to carcinogenesis in numerous tumour types [29-39].