As indicated above, if this is model is correct and is to be consistent with the observed cumulative cardiovascular disease mortality in developed populations [28], then the chemo-attractant (MCP-1) threshold must lie in the range [mean+0.25×population SD, mean+1.00× population SD] (the mean and population SD being as in Cannon et al.[27]), in other words [1.0, 1.7]×10−14 M ml−1. Here, CCL2 is linked to cardiovascular disorder.