Following challenge infection, memory SMARTA cells present in CVB3 immune mice underwent a greater degree of expansion and effector differentiation compared to their counterparts in LCMV immune mice; by day 4, CVB3-induced memory SMARTA cells rapidly and uniformly adopted an effector phenotype (Figure 9D), and a considerable percentage of IFNγ+ SMARTA cells lost the capacity to co-produce TNF or IL-2 (Figure 9E & F). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.