Increased PGRN expression has not been reported in CCA, however, when gene expression profiles from intrahepatic CCA associated with or without O. viverrini were compared, genes associated with growth factor signalling were the most highly upregulated ontology in the non-fluke associated CCA, whereas genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism were the most highly upregulated genes in fluke associated CCA [39]. The gene discussed is GRN; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.