S100A8 and infection: To study the possible activities of CagA on VacA-induced apoptosis, the experimental approach we used was based on i) cell transfection assays involving the expression of the C-terminal domain of the CagA protein that can be (GFP-CagA C-ter wt) or not (GFP-CagA C-ter mut) tyrosine phosphorylated by cellular SKF and ii) direct cell infection assays by wild-type Helicobacter pylori or its isogenic mutants defective in CagA or VacA.