The median serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was 98.20 pg/ml in the control group, 125.37 pg/ml in DM patients without DR (Group 2), 153.07 pg/ml in nonproliferative DR patients (Group 3), and 149.12 pg/ml in the proliferative DR patients (Group 4; Table 3). Here, VEGFA is linked to diabetes mellitus.