Similarly, clarification is needed of how scrib mutants cooperate with oncogenes in mediating transformation in Drosophila. A number of studies have shown how RasACT subverts the pro-apoptotic JNK signalling response in scrib mutants into a potent inducer of tumour overgrowth and invasion through the JNK-dependent expression of Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (Mmp1) [16-18]. This evidence concerns the gene MMP1 and neoplasm.