Interestingly, TGF-β1 induced Smad3 and Smad4 interaction was increased in the presence of H2O2 in cells expressing WT-BRCA1, while the TGF-β1 induced interaction between Smad3 and Smad4 was decreased upon H2O2 treatment in a dose-dependent manner in HCC1937 breast cancer cells, deficient for endogenous BRCA1. Here, BRCA1 is linked to breast cancer.