KLK3 and neoplasm: In studies using short-term neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (3 months, as used in this study), serum PSA did not reach undetectable levels in most patients and pCRs were rarely observed (0–4%), although tumour down-staging and reduction of positive surgical margins were reported (Gleave et al, 1996; Prezioso et al, 2004; Klotz et al, 2005; Pendleton et al, 2007; D'Amico et al 2008).