TNF and tuberculosis: T-helper 1 (Th1) type cytokines are vital in the control and inhibition of TB, for example, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ) is important for combating microbial infection and both IFN-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα, another Th1 cytokine) attack TB via the activation of macrophages [38-41].