ADCY3 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Furthermore, transgenic mice lacking specific proteins expressed in the VMH including leptin receptor, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), exhibits obesity, hyperphagia, and low locomotor activity similar to AC3−/− mice [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51].