GSTM1 and cancer: The US ESA product information [18,19] recommends that ESAs 1) not be used in the AoC or radiotherapy alone settings, 2) are not indicated for the treatment of anemia in the chemotherapy setting when the anticipated outcome is cancer cure, 3) be initiated in patients with Hb levels < 10 g/dL, and 4) be used to maintain the lowest Hb level sufficient to avoid transfusions.