Th-1 activation induces secretion by RA synovial-fluid mononuclear cells of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-alpha, with consequent cartilage damage, whereas Th-2 activation promotes secretion of IL-4, inhibiting Th-1 activity and diminishing inflammation and cartilage damage [60]. The gene discussed is NELFCD; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.