It has been shown that Hsp60 expression in cultured human adult astrocytes is induced by cytokines, i.e., interleukins IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, and TNF-alpha, which leads to the suggestion that Hsp60 plays an important role also in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system, like multiple sclerosis [57]. This evidence concerns the gene HSPD1 and multiple sclerosis.