Considering that this chemokine has other important functions in the CNS, such as altering blood-brain barrier permeability [39], and affecting the survival of neuronal cells in other inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease [21,23,28,40-44], CCL2 could possibly be a contributor to the neurodegeneration [21,44] and vasculitis [3,44] observed in LNB. Here, CCL2 is linked to Alzheimer disease.