INS and diabetes mellitus: In the non-I/R heart, diabetes significantly reduced the level of phosphorylated Akt (P-Thr 308-Akt and P-Ser 473-Akt) protein compared to age-matched controls, while treatment of insulin yielded a higher phosphorylated Akt (P-Thr 308-Akt) level in comparison to the diabetic group (Figure 5).