TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: This is in particular the case during pulmonary fibrosis, where it has been demonstrated that a variety of cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), interleukin-1 (IL-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are produced at the sites of active fibrosis.