Malaria-naïve adults experimentally infected with Pf had increased expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in response to a TLR4 ligand (LPS) and IL-6 and IL-10 in response to TLR2 + TLR1 ligand (Pam3Cys) on day 8 of the infection (96). Here, TNF is linked to infection.