Immunohistochemical analysis of multiple specimens from radical prostatectomies showed prominent expression of CXCL16 and CXCR6 in chronic prostatitis and in atrophy with associated chronic prostatitis (PIA), as well as in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and cancer, suggesting that expression of CXCL16 and CXCR6 on prostate epithelial cells is related to inflammation in addition to any association with malignancy per se (Figure 3A). Here, CXCR6 is linked to prostate intraepithelial neoplasia.