Although we have focused on prostate cancer, our findings that multiple inflammation-associated human cancers express high levels of CXCL16 and CXCR6 suggest that this chemokine/receptor pair may serve as a marker of current or prior inflammation within cancers, thereby providing a tool that can be broadly applied to studying the relationships between inflammation and the behaviors of various malignancies. Here, CXCL16 is linked to prostate cancer.