Though the issue of mass screening for prostate cancer in the general population is still a debatable one, reports of higher incidence of prostate cancer in ESRD patients[1] in the literature prompted this Japanese group to conduct a study to see if there is a higher incidence of prostate cancer in ESRD patients in the Japanese population and also to see the efficacy of PSA testing in these patients. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and Familial prostate cancer.