Using micro-array genome-wide profiling of xenograft models comparing androgen ablation treated and untreated prostate cancer, Chen et al demonstrated that over-expression of AR cDNA, mRNA and protein levels were the only consistent and significant differences.[12] In patients, AR over-expression conferred a better response to combined androgen blockade but despite this it also correlates with poorer outcome.[19]. Here, AR is linked to prostate carcinoma.