Varying degrees of efficacy have been demonstrated using IFNα in recurrent primary malignant gliomas, either alone or in combination with other modalities (Boethius et al, 1983; Hirakawa et al, 1983; Nakagawa et al, 1983; Nagai and Arai, 1984; Mahaley et al, 1985; Obbens et al, 1985; Hamada et al, 1986; Jereb et al, 1989; Yoshida et al, 1994; Buckner et al, 1995; Dillman et al, 1995; Brandes et al, 1997; Rajkumar et al, 1998). The gene discussed is IFNA2; the disease is malignant glioma.