We therefore sought to evaluate the effect of SERCA2a on cardiac hypertrophy by investigating whether SERCA2a could modulate any phenotypic changes characteristic of the hypertrophic response, such as enhanced protein synthesis, induction of classical fetal genes (i.e. atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC)) and activation of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway [30]. Here, NPPA is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.