The validity of the concept was further questioned following a series of studies with recombinant EBV lacking expression of individual latent genes, which revealed that the loss of expression of any one of EBNA1, EBNA2, EBNA3A, EBNA3C or LMP1 was sufficient to substantially or completely abrogate the ability to generate LCLs following infection of primary B cells in culture (reviewed in [89,90]). This evidence concerns the gene PDLIM7 and infection.