In a study from 2004 described previously, Herget-Rosenthal evaluated the usefulness of tubular proteinuria and enzymuria for predicting the need for RRT in 73 patients who developed non-oliguric ARF due to ATN, of whom 26 required RRT.32 Patients who required RRT had significantly higher urinary values of cystatin C and α-1-microglobulin than patients who did not require RRT. This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and acute kidney injury.