One other case-control study with urinary samples from 52 cases and 86 control-cases (controlled for demographic factors, sepsis, baseline creatinine, APACHE III score, and diuresis) involved in the ARDS Network Study demonstrated a relationship between a rise >100 ng/mL of IL-18 at 24 and 48 hours and the development of ARF.101 This rise in urinary IL-18 was also associated with higher mortality amongst these patients. The gene discussed is IL18; the disease is acute kidney injury.