Cystatin C is a well-established marker of GFR in settings of stable renal function and chronic renal insufficiency.65–72 Taken together, the results of the studies just described also seem to suggest a possible role for serum cystatin C in detecting AKI, and perhaps especially for urinary cystatin C, also in predicting adverse outcomes in ARF such as RRT. Here, CST3 is linked to chronic kidney disease.