Interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are other inflammatory cytokines that have been implicated in the cascade of cellular events that follows renal ischemic injury.102–104 Their role in the detection of AKI was investigated in a study by Kwon et al. (mentioned previously) in the context of early kidney transplant graft rejection.46 In their study, IL-6 and IL-8 (but not TNFα) at day 0 were elevated in recipients destined to have sustained ARF. Here, IL6 is linked to acute kidney injury.