LCN2 and acute kidney injury: These results are similar to those observed with other urine and plasma biomarkers of AKI that have been measured in this cohort, including urinary IL-18, serum/urinary neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and urinary liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) [16,17,21,22].