Specifically, the induction of inflammatory molecules such as TNF, IL-6, and MCP-1 by active MTb infection is important for inhibition of TB disease progression [5], [43], [44], while at the same time these same molecules enhance HIV-1 replication [25], [26], [27], [34], [45], [46], [47] (Figure 3). Here, CCL2 is linked to tuberculosis.