Activation of inflammation is suggested by the finding that PD patients and animal models of PD that were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), MPTP, rotenone or 6-hydroxydopamine exhibited elevated antibody levels against proteins modified by dopamine oxidation products, increased concentrations of cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), and augmented ROS production (171). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Parkinson disease.