TNF and neoplasm: We tested whether these HDACIs, already used in human therapy and thus promising for AIDS treatment, synergistically reactivated HIV-1 p24 antigen production in U1 cells when combined with TNFα, the tumor-promoting phorbol ester PMA (phorbol myristate acetate) or the non-tumor-promoting phorbol ester prostratin (Figure 2A, 2B and 2C).