The models integrate age, cancer cell type and either 5 or 19 markers including, CD34MVD, p21ras, p21WAF, BCL2, caspase-9, low-molecular-weight cytokeratin, high-molecular-weight cytokeratin, cyclooxygenase-2, EMA, HER2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-9, p16, p27kip1, p53, vascular endothelial growth factor, β- catenin, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. Here, TP53 is linked to cancer.