TSC1 and neoplasm: Because IFN-γ has been shown to be a useful mediator of tumour regression in animal models of kidney tumours [61, 62] and because there is a known high-expressing allele of IFN-γ in humans, Dabora et al. [63] examined the relationship between the IFN-γ genotype and the severity of renal disease in TSC patients who had TSC2 mutations; they found an association between IFN-γ allele 2 and the absence of kidney AMLs in TSC2 patients.