CSF2 and infection: Chlamydial infection of epithelial cells at mucosal surface produces proinflammatory factors such as Interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, GRO-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [6–8], which can lead to an acute inflammatory response characterized by neutrophil infiltration to the primary sites of infection, followed by a subepithelial accumulation of mononuclear leukocytes during the chronic phase of infection [9–11].