18 genes were methylated in all six normal kidney tissue samples but in <72% of renal tumours analysed: CARD15 (18% of tumours), HLA-DRA (24%), SPARC (34%), IL8 (35%), SEPT9 (39%), HLA-DPB1 (45%), TNFSF10 (47%), VAMP8 (50%), PRKCDBP (55%), HLA-DPA1 (56%), HDAC1 (58%), BTK (58%), S100A2 (60%), MPO (61%), CRK (61%), CAPG (61%), NEU1 (69%), ELL (71%). Here, HDAC1 is linked to kidney neoplasm.