AKT1 and renal cell carcinoma: VHL-inactivation may be associated with activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor/phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/protein kinase B (AKT)/IkappaB-kinase alpha/NF-kappaB signalling cascade [28], and so RCC without VHL inactivation may be predisposed to dysregulate these key signalling pathways by preferential methylation of other regulators.