Based on previous work that showed an association with the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) 308A allele, increased production of TNFα, and calcinosis (28), future studies to investigate for other potential susceptibility genes, including TNF polymorphisms, in juvenile DM patients with anti-p140 or anti-p155/140 autoantibodies would be of major interest. Here, TNF is linked to calcinosis.