These results clearly indicate that the pathway downstream of TRAF6 in RLH signaling is distinct from that associated with TLR family signaling Although MEKK1 and MEKK3 are not essential for RLH-induced activation of NF-κB, they may be involved in fine-tuning the level of IFN production in response to viral infection. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and viral infectious disease.