VEGFA and renal cell carcinoma: Upregulation of VEGF, the most potent growth factor for tumor vasculature, is significantly associated with upregulation of HIF-α.[8] Renal cell carcinoma is characterized by abundant neovascularization and metastases are more frequent in patients with highly vascularized primary RCC.[19] Thus it is hypothesized that VEGF is associated with tumor growth and progression.