Therefore, although TGFβ/activins have been shown to induce expression of angiogenic/lymphangiogenic factors through P13K and/or SMAD2 pathways (Wagner et al, 2004; Kang, 2006) and TGFβ/activins inhibit growth of PCa cells (Wilding et al, 1989; Wang et al, 1996; McPherson et al, 1997), the different responses of the PCa cell lines to elevated levels of INHα we have observed cannot be simply explained by abrogation of TGFβ/activin signalling. The gene discussed is SMAD2; the disease is posterior cortical atrophy.