TNF-α has been shown to upregulate MMP-9 gene expression in malignant carcinoma via TNF-R1 [25], and TNF-R1 but not TNF-R2 has been shown to be important in inflammatory responses involving IL-1β and MMP-3 and -9 in murine brain injury [26]. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1A and carcinoma.