RIC8A and ductal breast carcinoma in situ: To evaluate if RIC8A could be silenced by CpG hypermethylation in the promoter regions, we pyrosequenced 98 CpGs spanning 1 kb upstream of the transcription start site as well as the 3' end of the large CpG island downstream of the transcription start site in pre-invasive (DCIS) (n = 27) and invasive tumours with DCIS components (n = 32), in early invasive breast cancer (n = 27) as well as a cohort of 75 locally advanced breast cancers.