We have also performed flow cytometry analyses to monitor CD4 and CCR5 expression following a treatment for 2 hours with TLR2 and 4 agonists but not in response to TLR5, 7 and 9 ligands based on the absence of a significant and reproducible effect of those agonists on HIV-1 infection and viral transmission. This evidence concerns the gene TLR2 and HIV-1 infection.