Moreover, BV is associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1β and IL-8) and these cytokines induce the secretion of other proinflammatory cytokines or recruit other immune cells, thus possibly increasing the number of cells permissive for HIV-1 infection [84,85]. The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is HIV-1 infection.