Since GSK-3 inhibitors including Wnt, LiCl, and AR-18 likely do not discriminate between GSK-3 α and β isoforms [26,40], and given that functional redundancy of GSK-3 isoforms in the context of Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been previously described in mouse embryonic stem cells [22], we investigated whether NF-κB regulation by GSK-3 was isoform-specific in pancreatic cancer cells. Here, NFKB1 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.