CD276 and infection: Taken together, it appears that the host innate immune response is able to distinguish Bp-844 from Bt-UE5 (Figure 1), and this may in turn influence the outcome of primary infection by Bp. Once the infection has progressed beyond this stage, the host adaptive immune system will be activated but may not be able to distinguish between these 2 bacteria, as demonstrated by our results showing the similar patterns of costimulatory molecule expression, cytokine production and strong bias toward a Th1 polarization (Figures 2 and 3).