Interestingly, most of these diseases that display a signature of IL-8 constitutive expression also exhibit a phenotype of susceptibility to infection by bacteria: cystic fibrosis (CF, caused by genetic mutations in CFTR-cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neutrophilic asthma [15], and other lung diseases. Here, CXCL8 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.