We therefore examined the expression patterns of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α), Th2 (IL-4 and IL-13) and IL-10, Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23), and nTreg (Foxp3, GITR, TGFβ, and CTLA-4) markers in filarial lymphedema patients and asymptomatic infected individuals following stimulation with parasite and control antigens. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and lymphedema.